An Overview of Impressionism in Art History

An Overview of Impressionism in Art History Impressionist craftsmanship is a style of painting that developed in the mid-to-late 1800s and stresses a specialists quick impression of a second or scene, for the most part conveyed using light and its appearance, short brushstrokes, and detachment of hues. Impressionist painters,such as Claude Monet in his Impression: Sunrise and Edgar Degas in Ballet Class, frequently utilized current life as their topic and painted rapidly and unreservedly, catching light and development in a way that had not been attempted before.â Key Takeaways: Impressionism Impressionism is a style of painting that was created in the late nineteenth century. The style, techniques, and subjects of Impressionism dismissed past chronicled painting, supplanting deliberately covered up brushstrokes of authentic occasions with noticeable thick splendid shades of current scenes. The first display was in 1874, and it was entirely panned by workmanship critics.Key painters incorporate Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Impressionism: Definition <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mL-B2_H6vuuMwbQ19onQ34K7_B0=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iJUUkbGqRcIBg5CI_m7iC1ucDUE=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iVIJ6uEPVWzTioQQGqQ-3oPlXdo=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XYgxyKI2wAVO3N-mQc7PZb29J6w=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil -on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/sUUry2uGjrG1Gi-M73Q3VbQbtoM=/1024x829/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg src=//:0 alt=Avenue de L'Opà ©ra. Snow Effect. Morning, by Pissarro Camille, nineteenth Century, 1898, oil on canvas, cm 65 x 82 class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-4 information following container=true /> Road de LOpà ©ra. Snow Effect. Morning, by Pissarro Camille. Mondadori/Getty Images Albeit probably the most regarded craftsmen of the Western standard were a piece of the Impressionist development, the term impressionist was initially planned as a defamatory term, utilized by workmanship pundits who were straight dismayed at this new style of painting. In the mid-1800s, when the Impressionist development was conceived, it was generally acknowledged that genuine craftsmen mixed their hues and limited the presence of brushstrokes to deliver the licked surface favored by the scholarly experts. Impressionism, interestingly, highlighted short, noticeable strokes-specks, commas, spreads, and masses. The principal bit of workmanship to move the basic epithet impressionism was Claude Monets 1873 piece Impression: Sunrise, a piece that was introduced at the main display in 1874. Moderate painter Joseph Vincent was cited in a survey in progressively mocking ways, calling Monets work not as completed as backdrop. To consider somebody an Impressionist in 1874 was an affront, which means the painter had no ability and come up short on the good judgment to complete a canvas before selling it.â The First Impressionist Exhibition <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qhwf0UKeEm_n9qNoXPeJSjG9RU8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WaiqMgG68oEBxVEOG9Nytg_8oTw=/545x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 545w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/m8LIT6SOwWcP_Z6P0sOdGS7ZjxQ=/790x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 790w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/CZciBYwRBNBXSKS7TLP_t8MbALQ=/1280x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 1280w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lpWgzSPpBNgheP5VDUAjq9YTYNA=/1280x958/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg src=//:0 alt=Bazille's Studio, Frã ©dã ©ric Bazille, 1870 class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-10 information following container=true /> Frã ©dã ©ric Bazille, Bazilles Studio, 1870. Musã ©e dOrsay, Parã ­s (Francia) In 1874, a gathering of craftsmen who devoted themselves to this chaotic style pooled their assets to advance themselves in their own show. The thought was radical. In those days the French workmanship world rotated around the yearly Salon, an official display supported by the French government through its Acadã ©mie des Beaux-Arts. The gathering (Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot, and a pile of others) considered themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, and so on. Together they leased display space from the picture taker Nadar (a pen name Gaspard-Fã ©lix Tournachon). Nadars studio was in another structure, which was a somewhat present day building; and the whole impact of their endeavors created an uproar. For the normal crowd, the workmanship looked odd, the display space looked offbeat, and the choice to show their craft outside of the Salon or the Academys circle (and even auction legitimately the dividers) appeared to be near franticness. In reality, these craftsmen pushed the constraints of craftsmanship during the 1870s a long ways past the scope of adequate practice. Indeed, even in 1879, during the fourth Impressionist Exhibition, the French pundit Henry Havard composed: I admit unassumingly I don't consider nature to be they do, never having seen these skies cushy with pink cotton, these dark and moirã © waters, this multi-shaded foliage. Possibly they do exist. I don't know them.â Impressionism and Modern Life <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pp4plyiuyuVgfgwASJrCiYyvo9c=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vaof_fDLrBrH-LHklj3pur2CIsI=/1275x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 1275w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JlALput92XpLG3Q2cSfO94GETh0=/2250x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 2250w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/DF2KIdXzJzJH0fDDQj0_VbPK0Kw=/4200x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 4200w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3K3JhhzfysLY5vd2NFIY9vr_oIA=/4200x3349/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg src=//:0 alt=The Dance Class by Edgar Degas class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-20 information following container=true /> Edgar Degas, The Dance Class, 1874. Mondadori Portfolio Impressionism made another method of seeing the world. It was a method of watching the city, suburbia, and the field as reflections of the modernization that every one of these specialists saw and needed to record from their perspective. Advancement, as they was already aware it, turned into their topic. Folklore, scriptural scenes and recorded occasions that had ruled the adored history painting of their time were supplanted by subjects of contemporary life, for example, bistros and road life in Paris, rural and rustic recreation life outside of Paris, artists and artists and laborers. The Impressionists endeavored to catch the rapidly moving light of normal sunshine by painting outside (en plein air). They blended their hues on the canvas instead of their palettes and painted quickly in wet-on-wet correlative hues produced using new manufactured colors. To accomplish the look they needed, they designed the method of broken hues, leaving holes in the top layers to uncover hues beneath, and deserting the movies and coatings of the more seasoned bosses for a thick impasto of unadulterated, exceptional shading. As it were, the display of the road, men's club or ocean side retreat became history painting for these robust Independents (who additionally considered themselves the Intransigents-the obstinate ones). The Evolution of Post-Impressionism <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qbCIY6DcuaGvTINMK9WDKaHmnvA=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f481addf.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mZ_uHO7lV4KP-3O7hhj_lKLO3gc=/1005x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f481addf.jpg 1005w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ - F-h-a6Sv0jIVH86sx300tBN7vc=/1710x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f481addf.jpg 1710w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ - 7S2tMomsX7KgNc_-VU7Qn8lLpw=/3123x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f4

Comparison of the Terms in Debates

Examination of the Terms in Debates There are numerous ideas that are every now and again utilized and abused by individuals in discussions or discussions. Among them one can single out such terms as realities, data, information, information, and comprehension. Some of them, for example, realities and data are regularly seen as compatible thoughts, despite the fact that they can have critical differences.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Comparison of the Terms in Debates explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This exposition will look at their significance of these ideas and clarify how they vary from each other and what sort of likenesses they have. This conversation can feature a portion of the significant misinterpretations of about these ideas and demonstrate how they should be applied in discussion or composed discourse. Above all else, such term as actuality can be comprehended as an evident truth that has been demonstrated in a consistent or experimental manner. By and large, it is a perception that has been tried and validated by target strategies. For example, the explanation that World War I started in 1914 can be known as a reality. This thought ought not be mistaken for such word as information. This idea implies a progression of estimations and perceptions that can be either obvious or false. This is the principle differentiation among realities and information. Be that as it may, these terms do have some likeness. They are not significant on the off chance that they are not organized or requested with a particular goal in mind. Indeed they are not generally placed in a particular setting. Hence, one can go to the third significant idea, to be specific data. It tends to be characterized as the succession of realities or information that make them mean since they have been requested or composed. As such, they can be comprehended as a message by an individual. Thusly, such ideas as information and comprehension are additionally fundamentally the same as yet not exchangeable. The term information implies the condition of mindfulness about something. For example, an individual can know certain data or separate realities. All the more critically, the individual in question can even apply this information. For example, individuals can know and apply numerical equations or calculations, be that as it may, they can't generally explain why these recipes work. This is the reason such idea as understanding is increasingly unpredictable. It implies that an individual doesn't just have a clue about certain data, however can assess it and decide if it is valid or false. For instance, a few people realize scientific equations as well as explain why they are substantial. The term seeing additionally suggests the capacity to see causal connection between realities or occasions. Hence, this thought has a more extensive significance and individuals ought to have the option to recognize knowing and seeing, particularly when they banter about som ething.Advertising Looking for exposition on talk? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This conversation of these ideas is significant on the grounds that it shows that they can't generally be utilized exchangeable even in spite of their similitudes. For example, when individuals talk about information, they ought not expect that these information are in every case valid. Correspondingly, separate realities can't be seen as data since they are regularly trivial. Besides, individuals ought to recall that information isn't equivalent to comprehension since understanding implies that an individual can decipher explicit realities and clarify why they are valid. The issue is that these terms are regularly utilized in political, financial, or social discussions. Besides, a few people can control these terms so as to influence the crowd. An individual, who can see the qualification between them, can all the more likely oppose such contro l and recognize defective contentions.

Passive Communication and Social Anxiety

Passive Communication and Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Print Passive Communication and Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on April 20, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children David Burch / UpperCut Images / Getty Images Passive communication is  a style in which you avoid directly saying what you think or want and that often involves  uncomfortable body language.  Many people with social anxiety end up using passive communication.   Social anxiety disorder  (SAD) is extremely common and can be a hindrance to your daily life.  If you have social anxiety, your communication skills may be weak because you are anxious about social gatherings, meeting new people and confrontation.  One of the key areas that may be impacted is communication. Below is a description of how passive communication and social anxiety disorder may be related. Defining Passive Communication Passive communication is a pattern of not sharing your opinions and failing to protect your rights and get your needs met. Passive communicators fail to be assertive and  allow others to take advantage of them.   Passive Communication Examples Passive communication can be shown in many different ways. Some passive communicators beat around the bush, such as by saying I wish someone would remember to take out the trash rather than just asking a family member to take out the trash. Hints like this often go unnoticed, making the passive communicator irritated and the family member who missed the hint bewildered.Others will just let people override their thoughts and feelings. For instance, if you are a vegetarian and your coworkers decide to meet at a steakhouse, you may opt to avoid saying anything or suggesting another option out of fear of being viewed as difficult or picky.Some passive communicators speak very softly or apologetically. They may apologize ahead of time for their opinions or qualify their statements. For example, if called upon in a meeting, a passive communicator may say, This could be a stupid question, but have you considered the problem from this angle? This derives from a lack of confidence and anxiety about being seen as opinionated or harsh.Some have negativ e body language such as a slumped posture. Impacts of Passive Communication Individuals with a passive communication style may: Feel anxious or like life is out of controlFeel depressed or hopelessFeel resentful or confused because needs are not being met Problems with Passive Communication and Social Anxiety If you have social anxiety and avoid conflict, passive communication can cause more discomfort and hurt. Because you do not address conflicts when they happen and allow grievances to go unnoticed, your irritation can grow. Eventually, you will need to express these feelings, but because they have mounted for so long, it may come out explosively and damage your relationships. Afterward, you  may feel tremendously guilty, causing you to be more passive in the future. This can lead to even more social anxiety when interacting with others or trying to assert yourself. This vicious cycle can perpetuate itself for a long period if there is no intervention. Passive Communication Versus Assertive Communication For many with social anxiety, low self-esteem, and poor confidence leads to a passive communication style. This can cause a cycle in which passive communication leads to your needs going unmet, which makes you feel more anxious and then makes you even more passive. This cycle can be extremely hard to break and often needs professional intervention.   By contrast, assertive communication: Means speaking clearly about your opinions, needs, and feelings without violating others needs  Is achieved through strong self-esteem and confidenceInvolves advocating for yourself and your own interests, without apologizing A therapist specializing in social anxiety can help you work through your anxiety issues as well as help you communicate more assertively and confidently. It is not something that can happen overnight; however, a good healthcare provider with a background in cognitive behavioral therapy can help improve your comfort in social settings and empower you to advocate for yourself.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Racism in the Sports Pages Essay - 2112 Words

September 1, 1955: The African-American Absence The 1950s saw the birth of rock and roll and the explosion of television sitcoms. The decade was also marked by the influx of African-American athletes into the sporting world following Jackie Robinsons debut for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. However, one would not realize the significance of African-Americans in athletics by reading sports pages during the 1950s. The athletic achievements of African-Americans were often doomed to the latter pages of sports sections in favor of advertisements and routine sports articles. The San Francisco Chronicle is guilty of hiding the impact of African-Americans in sports, reflecting a lack of racial tolerance. It can be said that†¦show more content†¦The school missed the boat the first time around, as Jackie Robinson, himself, lettered in football for the Bruins. He was a star on the team as a running back and from all reports was a man of great character, yet was passed over when it came time to elect the captain of the team. Hardiman Cureton, a decade later, had more luck than Robinson. He must have been ecstatic to be elected captain. However, to be called a Negro in the headline of an article written about an honor bestowed upon him must have felt like a slap in the face. Or maybe it didnt. Maybe he expected to be called a Negro because it was commonplace in 1950s American society. The San Francisco Chronicle certainly portrayed it as such. The fact that this article even needed to be written says a lot about American society as a whole. Nowadays, it is fairly uncommon to find a college football team without a black captain. Back in 1955, the naming of a black captain was news. Maybe it was not news that people had an interest in reading, as evidenced by the articles short length and less than ideal page placement. If it truly meant a great amount to the readers or writers of the San Francisco Chronicle, the sports editor probably would have placed it on the front page of his section. Although this story might not have been deemed front-page material like articles onShow MoreRelatedRacism in Sports Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesRacism in Sports Racism is a belief that people of different races have different qualities and abilities, and that some races are inherently superior or in inferior. Racism in the form of discrimination persists in society. Racism in sports occurs in both team and individual sports around the world. Sports itself does not induce racism. Sports are meant to be a colorblind activity that adheres to the notion of fair play. Racism in sports is a problem which manifest around the world. It ledRead MoreThe Culture Of Soccer Is More Than Just Articles1285 Words   |  6 Pagesof soccer is more than just articles written in sport pages, or rumors about players been transferred from one club to another. It includes a bigger picture that covers many different social, political and economic aspects of the game. In countries where the sport is not that relevant, people refer to it as soccer. In others where the sport is very popular and has been around for a long time, it is referred to as football. Whe n it comes to the sport, there are two very different ideas relevant toRead MoreHow The Olympic Games Have A Better Place By Encouraging Friendship, Togetherness And Fair Play1644 Words   |  7 Pageswill include on how racism have affected the Olympic Games. Olympisim The idea of Olympism was set up more than 120 years ago by Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Movement. He did this because he wanted to make the world a better place. He believed that this can be done though sport. He believed sport could help bring communities together, stop wars and promote healthy competition free from cheating and discrimination. Ultimately Coubertin wanted to show how sport can make the worldRead MoreThe Unique History Of The Negro Baseball Leagues1379 Words   |  6 PagesIllustrated History, G. Ward, Page 87). As the Great Depression ended and America got closer to WWII, the popularity of the Negro leagues grew. The creation of the Negro National League and the Negro American League represented the two premier Negro leagues in the 1930’s and 1940’s. They were just as organized as their white counterparts. They played a 140 game schedule, had their own all-star games, as well as their own World Series (Baseball: An Illustrated Hi story, G. Ward, Page 247). The Negro leaguesRead MoreRacism Is Still With Us Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesRosa Parks once said â€Å"Racism is still with us. But it is up to us to prepare our children for what they have to meet, and hopefully, we shall overcome.† Racism is a struggle that, to this day, has continued to be a major issue. The color of someone’s skin alters how a person is perceived by society as a whole. Race is a social construct created by humans to categorize the world. (Sullivan 2) The outlook on racism varies from community to community, family to family, and even person to person. SkinRead MoreCitizen : An American Lyric Breaks The Continuum Of A Linear Narrative Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesFurthermore, Claudia Rankine uses commentaries as a literary genre that effectively extends the ways and expressions in which Americans still encounter racism. Visuals and texts juxtapose to create captioned artworks; which Rankine interprets for the read er. Thus, those interpretations function as informative: telling the venues and forms where racism is portrayed and sponsored. Rankine defies the limits of scholarly literature by using visuals to summarize the context, thus, converting the bookRead MoreOpinion Essay On Hockey Game1221 Words   |  5 Pagesfelt excitement, leading up to the draft that was in only a few hours, and with becoming familiar with the newest member of the Rangers, Deangelo.  I started following him on social media, and slowly discovered some of the posts he had uploaded to his page. The first one I encountered was a post congratulating America’s current president Donald Trump on winning the 2016 election. I felt my heart sink in my chest as I realized that if I started liking this player, he would not like me back. The controversyRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1551 Words   |  7 PagesArnold just wants to end the continuous circle of short life and premature death people on â€Å"The Rez† face, Arnold lives a life where he is constantly oppressed and a victim of racism practically everyday. Throughout the book our protagonist has to deal with racism, trauma , adversity and suffering with few breaks and no end. Racism dominants the theme of the book whether it is White on First Nations or First Nations on First Nations people on The Spokane Reservation can’t escape cruel nicknames, stereotypesRead MoreBlack Masculinity Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesviolence, and images of black masculinity† by Patricia Hill Collins. The author has examined the black experience and how the media misrepresents black men; these effects are still felt in the present. Collins was using different forms of media such as sport, film, and historic events . To help the readers to learn where hyper sexuality, violet, and criminal stereotypes of black male come from. Most people in the United States are aware of many stereotypes and images surrounding black men. These negativeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s We Didn t Start The Fire 1378 Words   |  6 Pagesbell, Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you. Arise, I say!† (Othello) Racism is still an issue that is seen today, this quote comes from Shakespeare’s Othello which is a play that Shakespeare addresses racism in. In Othello, Shakespeare has a black man being called the devil. Racism is still a topic that rings true in today’s world, people such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. are people that show racism is not dead. Shakespeare shows respect for minorities in his plays and he still

Understanding Taxation Of Returns On Property Holdings Essay

Understanding taxation of returns on property holdings is necessary before entering and investing in Australian market. A comprehensive study of the government regulations and the existing tax structure will help individuals and corporate in making informed choice about investing in the precarious housing market. Australia, officially the commonwealth of Australia is a country comprising six states, namely, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. To govern these states, the federal system is divided into three broad categories which are Federal government, state government and local government. The Federal government has the power to make the laws for all Australian Territories. Specific areas of legislative power are given to the federal government which includes taxation, defense, foreign affairs and postal and telecommunications services. The state government is permitted to pass laws related to any matter that is not controlled by the Commonwealth under Section 51 of the Australian Constitution . Some of the key responsibilities handled by the state government are -Agriculture, Education, Electricity and gas supply, health, housing, public transportation and law and order. Local government also known as local councils, handle community needs like waste collection, public recreational facilities and town planning. The State government oversees the work and responsibility of the local government and decides whatShow MoreRelatedNozicks Argument Against Redistributive Taxation1621 Words   |  7 Pagesof the owner of the holdings. He mentions here that the only State that is justified in carrying out any duties is the ‘minimal state.’ The minimal State is one that is only limited to the enforcement of of contracts and protection of individuals, etc. Any more intervention from the State, according to Nozick, is a violation of right against the people. The purpose of this essay is to examine Nozick’s argument against redistributive taxation to prove that eliminating taxation means getting rid ofRead MoreTaxation and the High Net Worth Individual1214 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategies in order to address the risk in their portfolios or to e arn extra income (like in a covered write). Typically, the wealth of a high net worth individual is not entirely locked up in the investment portfolio either there can be things like art, property, or businesses that form part of the individuals total net worth. As well, more exotic instruments might be utilized as well, for example emerging market debt, foreign sovereign debt, exchange traded funds, commodities and currencies, futures andRead MoreHow Income And Its Impact On Financial Reporting1046 Words   |  5 Pagestopic Effectively managing a company is exclusively important for executives to understand both U.S general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that govern financial reporting and tax implications of transactions. Corporations with a better understanding of Internal Revenue Code are able to deduct their tax expenses to the government, which will result in more cash to pursue profitable business opportunities. Since the GAAP and IRC differ from each other in objectives, many differences exist betweenRead MoreTX2 exam7040 Words   |  29 PagesCGA-CANADA ADVANCED PERSONAL CORPORATE TAXATION [TX2] EXAMINATION June 2009 Marks Time: 4 Hours Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 This examination is based on the Canadian Income Tax Act (ITA) and its Regulations consolidated to July 2008. To clarify your answers, you may reference them to the applicable provisions of the ITA and its Regulations (except for Question 1, which is a multiple-choice question). Round all calculations to the nearest dollar. All calculations must be shown inRead MoreEssay Summary : Why Give Your Estate Property?1739 Words   |  7 PagesWhy give Your Estate Property? Obviously, most Americans dont have a substantial estate portfolio. However, a lot of them can enjoy huge budgetary advantage and as well give a beneficent advantage to the public. One of the favorable circumstances to the giver is that the amount of the duty deduction is dictated by the present market estimation of the property, rather than the cost of the property when it was bought (Moreover, by giving a property as an alternative to offering it for sale, a donorRead MoreChapter 1 Introduction to Federal Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax Law1861 Words   |  8 Pages543 Chapter 1 Introduction to Federal Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax Law TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS—CHAPTER 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. The majority of dollars collected by the U.S. government come by way of corporate taxation. Prior to the Sixteenth Amendment direct taxes were illegal. All U.S. taxes are based on an individual’s income. Customs taxes are imposed on exports toRead MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagesas a small business corporation and a subsequent sale of shares would be entitled to the Buckwold and Kitunen, Canadian Income Taxation, 2012-2013 Ed. Solutions Manual Page C-1 Copyright  © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. capital gain deduction of $750,000. Although Court will be subject to further taxation when dividends are paid to him from the corporation, double taxation will not occur to the extent that income consists of business income below $500,000 annually or investment income. This resultsRead More Locke On Distribution Essay3207 Words   |  13 Pageson who you talk to), widely debated, or caused more controversy than the old Oxford gradÕs theory of property. Some are shouting from the left that Locke argues a rights claim for subsistence for all individuals, that it may even support MarxÕs theory of exploitation. Yelling back are those from the right who claim that he formulates a moral justification for capitalist appropriation of property. Then of course there are those somewhere in between who are telling everyone to shut up because LockeRead MoreTransfer Pricing20501 Words   |  83 Pagestax law its sources 3. Brief history of International Tax Law 4. Who gets the pie? 5. Arm s length principle : Cornerstone of International Tax Law 6. Transfer pricing methods 7. Problems with of source taxation of MNE s 8. Internet e-commerce : Achilles heel of current International taxation regime? 9. Formulary Apportionment (FA) 10. Existing uses of Formulary Apportionment systems in the world 11. Developing countries Formulary Apportionment 12. Critique of Formulary Apportionment 13. TransferRead MoreTexas Cpa Exams Requirements2814 Words   |  12 PagesEngagement Acceptance and Understanding the Assignment (12% - 16%). * For example, the topics include determine nature and scope of engagement, consider the firm’s policies and procedures pertaining to client acceptance and continuance, establish an understanding with the client and document the understanding through an engagement letter, and identify matters related to planning and prepare documentation for communications with those charged with governance. * Understanding the Entity and Its

Coke and Pepsi Free Essays

Coke and Pepsi in the Twenty-First Century: Threat of Entry:low 1. Economies of scale – High production volume but merit not clear (1st paragraph on page 2) 2. Product differentiation – Brand identification (high advertising expense, Exhibit 2) 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Coke and Pepsi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Capital requirements – CPs: little capital investment (1st paragraph on page 2) – Bottlers: capital intensive (2nd paragraph on page 3) 4. Cost disadvantages independent of size – No 5. Access to distribution channels – Food stores (35%): intense shelf space pressure (2nd paragraph on page 4) – Fountain (23%): CPs dominated first food chain (1st paragraph on page 5) 6. Government policy (N/A) Threat to entry is low because Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes control 90. 1% of the market share; 44. 1%, 31. 4%, and 14. 7% respectively. Although the growth rate of CSD consumptions have been steady at 3% a year, the capital requirement to enter the market is too great of an obstacle. In order to service the entire US, a firm would need $25-50 million to build a plant for concentrate producers, $6 billion ($75 million * 80 plants) to establish bottlers, cost associated to provide and maintain incentives to retailers, and the greatest cost to advertisements. Therefore, firms are deterred from entering the CSD market due to economies of scale couple with brand image that the firm must face. In order provide product differentiation, the entering firm would have to invest heavily to develop a brand image for CSD aside from the three market leaders. Access to distribution channels is intense in CSD industry as bottlers are fighting for shelf spaces in grocery stores. In addition, PepsiCo is in the restaurant business of owning Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut by shutting down any opportunities for other CSD firms to sell fountain drinks in those restaurants. Other CSD firms like Coca-Cola has develop a relationship with remaining market leaders of restaurant for their fountain distribution (i. e. , McDonalds and Burger King). In addition, â€Å"Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act† in 1980 preserves the rights of Concentrate Producers to grant exclusive territories. Therefore, it would be safe to assume that there are not many competitors in the market vying for a new territory since the existing Concentrate Producers would have driven off competition out of business through their rights of exclusive territories. Cost disadvantages independent of size is high as development brand image will require high investments in advertisement and to develop a new differentiating acquired taste for CSD consumers. Substitutes:low (Non-cola beverage? ) Substitutes of CSD’s include water, juice, milk, and different types of alcohol. However, leading CSD’s have branch out their products to water and juice to capture the market shares of CSD’s substitutes. Other leading substitutes to CSD’s are milk, coffee, and alcohol beverages. These substitutes are generally different complement beverages than the CSD’s. Coffee and alcohol beverages are geared towards adults only and milk is gear towards breakfast meal consumptions with cereal. Complements: Complements to CSD’s are food. CSD firms have made relationships with retailers of food (i. e. , grocery stores, gas stations). In addition, firms have made relationships with restaurants to complement their products with food. Since food is something that everyone consumes several times a day, CSD companies have a great opportunity to maximize their presence in different distribution methods. Buyers:low 1. large volume? Some buyers might buy in large volume but not found in the case 2. standard or undifferentiated? No 3. NA for this case 4. low profits? – Food stores: No, average (5th paragraph on page 4) – Fountains: extremely profitable, 80 cents out of one dollar (1st paragraph on page 5) 5. unimportant? No 6. does not save buyers’ money? (N/A) 7. credible threat? No Buyer groups are not powerful against CPs and bottlers. Therefore, there is no significant bargaining power from buyer side in CSD industry. This situation contributes to maintain high profit of CPs and bottlers. (Reasons) 1. Because there are various retail channels, CPs and bottlers do not face the single retailer with power which purchases in large volume. 2. In general, selling CSDs yields high profit for retailers. (15-20% gross margin for food store, 80 cents out of one dollar for fountain. ) That fact prevents buyers to be price sensitive. 3. In fountain business, CPs and bottlers kept fountain sales profitable and succeeded to avoid cutting price pressure from retailers by paying rebate and investing restaurant retailers. 4. In food store, CSD represented a large percentage of its business (accounting for 3%-4% of food store business). To draw customers to store, it should be necessary for food store to carry the most selling brand in CSD, Coke and Pepsi. This structure weakens food store’s bargaining power. 5. Vending machine is efficient retail channel for keeping price because bottlers can directly control. It also works in the country where Coke and Pepsi do not have distribution channel(ex. Japan). 6. Coke and Pepsi have already established strong brand identification. Some discount retailers have private label CSD but they can not take the place of Coke and Pepsi. Internal Rivalry: high 1. numerous? roughly equal? – numerous: No, oligopoly – roughly equal: Yes – price increase, oligopoly (4th paragraph on page 11) 2. Industry growth – plateau (Exhibit 3) 3. lacks differentiation? – try to differentiate by marketing (5th paragraph on page11) 4. High fixed costs? 5. Capacity augments? Capacity itself not clearly mentioned in the case but; early 1990s: Yes? incurred excess supply? (1st paragraph on page 11, Exhibit 1) late 1990s: 6. High exit barrier? – Yes? capital intensive? 7. rivals diverse in strategies? – No? Coca-Cola and Pepsi’s history of intense rivalry has resulted in the execution of a large number of strategies designed to gain market share and brand recognition. As the industry matures and Coca-Cola and Pepsi learn from past strategies, increased profitability heavily relies on their ability to cut costs, gain fountain contracts, globally expand product mix, and vertically integrate bottler distribution channels. Traditional strategic initiatives such as new product development, advertising, price reduction, and product differentiation will produce minimal results considering Coca-cola and Pepsi are similar in size and power. Coca Cola and Pepsi’s ability to quickly respond to competitor strategies generally lead to industry wars where neither firm is better off then when they started. While it is important to continually maintain brand awareness and pursue various market trends, large gains in profitability will ensue from strategies that create a sustainable competitive advantage. It is more advantageous for Coca-Cola and Pepsi to invest in strategies that increase the industry demand versus short term profit. Such strategies include but are not limited to, entering developing countries, key acquisitions of growing businesses (i. Yahoo, Diageo, Arista Records, or Starbucks), and increased efforts to vertically integrate bottler distribution channels. Key acquisitions are important in that they can provide the means in which each company can redefine their brand name as more then a â€Å"cola†. Successful examples are Sony, Disney, and GE. Suppliers:low 1. dominated? Metal cans: excess supp ly (1st paragraph on page 6) 2. unique? not unique 3. obliged to contend? (N/A) 4. credible threats? No 5. important customer? Metal can: largest customer (1st paragraph on page 6) How to cite Coke and Pepsi, Essay examples

Whats That Sound Outside Essay Example For Students

Whats That Sound Outside Essay How would you like to make $100,000 a year by only working thirty hours a week? Just imagine being able to show up at your job around nine oclock in the morning without any boss getting mad at you for being late. While picking up the keys to your brand new, company truck, you check your messages in order to see what work needs to be done during the day. You head out and make your rounds to the customers that have requested your services, and then return to the office at three o clock in the afternoon to pick up your personal vehicle. The rest of the afternoon you are free to spend time with your family, and to complete some odd chores around the house. Many Americans believe that this scenario is too good to be a reality, and that is not possible. However, according to the outdoor magazine Field and Stream, and increasing amount of blue collar workers are leaving their current careers to pursue the American dream of earning a higher income by doing a smaller amount of labor. How are they accomplishing this unimaginable task? They are trapping nuisance racoons. Weve got guys out there making in excess of $100,000 a year nuisance trapping, declares Steve Greene of the National Trapping Association(qtd. in Field and Stream 8). We will write a custom essay on Whats That Sound Outside specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The racoon has become its own industry over the past four years in the state of Virginia, but the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries(VDGIF) has repetitively denied the appeal of both coonhunters and the general public for a continual chasing season. As it stands at the present moment, racoons can only be chased from August 1 to May 31. During that chasing season, only two racoons can be harvested per hunting party each night(Hunting ; Trapping in Virginia 62).With these current game laws in effect, it is easy to see why the racoon population has risen so dramatically; and why they are considered nuisance animals. Drastic measures need to be implemented in order to regain control over these animals before they become unmanageable. It is imperative that the state of Virginia should abandon their old laws regarding racoons and adopt a year round chasing season with a bag limit of five racoons per hunting party each night. For nearly eight years, coonhunters have been requesting a twelve month chasing season for the one purpose of training their hounds. During the months of June and July, no coonhound can be released from its kennel without the risk of the owner being ticketed. Unfortunately, these dogs have to be trained and conditioned all year long in order for them to perform well when the hunting season does start. Living a sedentary lifestyle in an eight foot by twelve foot kennel for two months is not going to keep a dog fit and trim. Many coonhunters also competition hunt in UKC licensed night hunts against guys from surrounding states. This puts Virginia coonhunters at a serious disadvantage because every other mid-Atlantic state has a year round chasing season for the training of hounds. The majority of the competition winners come from North Carolina, which has the least restrictive game laws in the country(Massey). Not only would adopting a year round chasing season enable coonhunters to continually train their hounds, but it would also eliminate the overtime hours that Virginia game wardens have to work in order to police hunters. During June and July, game wardens spend the majority of their time checking fishing licences on area lakes. Instead of being able to go home at sundown, many wardens are forced to work another eight hour shift to ensure that coonhounds are not trailing racoons around in the woods. The amount of time and money the state pays for this service is much greater than the amount of money they collect from the ticketing of a few illegal hunters. .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb , .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .postImageUrl , .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb , .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb:hover , .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb:visited , .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb:active { border:0!important; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb:active , .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9dbfb266aabe849b1be54c8f2f925ffb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cask of the Amontillado - Revenge EssayThe ability to train dogs and saving tax payers money are not the only beneficial reasons for extending the racoon chase season by two months. Controlling the racoon population and decreasing the number of nuisance calls are also beneficial reasons. Whenever any population of animal becomes too great, diseases begin to crop up and spread quickly within those animals. It is estimated that thirty percent to fifty percent of all racoons east of Ohio, from Maine to Florida, are infected with rabies(Ordway 980). The tremendous overgrowth in population has facilitated this outrageously high number of rabies encounters. Other diseases th at are associated with racoons are Parvo, Distemper, and Brain Worms. By having a year round chase season, the population of racoons could be brought back to a manageable number to aid in eliminating the rabies virus and these other atrocious diseases. Nuisance calls to state game officials would also be lowered if the chasing season was extended. With the chance for coonhunters to decrease the number of racoons, the population would decline and fewer racoons would have the chance to rummage through peoples garbage. Bob Rose, a Bedford County resident, give a perfect account of the nuisance these animals have become. I woke up one morning around two-thirty in the morning to the sound of my trash cans rolling down the driveway. Since I live out here in the country, I wasnt sure what wasoutside. I honestly thought it was somebody going through my trash or trying to break in. I grabbed my shotgun from the gun cabinet and loaded it up. As I walked outside with myflashlight and gun in hand, all I saw was the ring tails and eyes of coons running back intothe woods. Its really become aggravating.Even though there are numerous advantages to extending the racoon chasing season, some people still advocate that the extension is not needed. Many animal rights activists proclaim that if a year long chase season is adopted the population of racoons would be decreased so much that they would run the risk of becoming endangered. Common sense thinking would lead you to believe their reasoning, but by looking at the evidence it is clear to see that the opposite is happening. There are at least fifteen times more racoons in North America now than in the 1930s(Ordway 110). Before the state of South Carolina adopted a twelve month chasing season they ordered the state game biologist to conduct an extensive study on their racoon population before and after a trial run of the program. The results were staggering. Even though the racoons were being hunted all year, their overall population had increased by four hundred percent. This percentage has not been the exception to the rule either. In states such as Ohio and Minnesota, racoon populations have increased seven hundred to eight hundred percent. If these population growths are not dealt with swiftly, Americans could find themselves in a very compromising position. According to doctors, Rabies shots are not a very pleasant experience to go through; neither is cleaning up wet trash off your lawn at eight oclock in the morning. Unfortunately, without an extended chasing season, this could become an everyday occupance. Even though animal activists and other opponents do not agree with the proposed plan, the racoon chase season should be change into a year long event. No matter how cute and cuddly they may seem, racoons are quickly becoming a problem that most of us will have to deal with. You can either contribute to paying some guy $100,000 a year to take care of the problem; or you can let a coonhound take care of it for free. Bibliography:Works CitedHunting Trapping in Virginia. New York: Leonard Lee III, 1999. .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 , .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .postImageUrl , .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 , .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1:hover , .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1:visited , .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1:active { border:0!important; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1:active , .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1 .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce4a6851790cae571fe7cff0adc022a1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual harassment EssayMaisie, James. Personal Interview. 11 Feb. 2000. McCombie, Brian. Those Dirty Racoons. Field Stream Dec. 1999: 8. Ordway, Bruce. Racoon Diseases and Parasites. Coonhound Bloodlines Jan. 2000: 98-99. Ordway, Bruce. Racoon Population. Coonhound Bloodlines Dec. 1999:110-111. Rose, Bob. Personal Interview. 10 Feb. 2000.

Within Outward Appearance essays

Within Outward Appearance essays It is shown through these stories that in societies humans have rituals to make them beautiful. With the bizarre rituals and beliefs as stated in Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, the author Horace Miller feels the Nacirema practices are unusual. In his style of writing he uses anagrams to portray the Nacirema is American. The Nacirema have a lot of magical beliefs and rituals they use in order to stay attractive and use these in day to day life. Whereas the autobiographical essay In the Kitchen, the writer Henry Louis Gates, Jr. feels proud of the struggle blacks in particular go through to look beautiful. He writes with love for his mother and memories he personally has about hair being beautiful. These essays show how in society people have different rituals for striving to look beautiful. With so many different rituals to look beautiful, the Nacirema and black people have to be patient because most methods are time consuming. There are many rituals in the Nacirema society. The Nacirema has a ritual where they insert, a small bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powders, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures(7). Miner feels that to strangers this ritual can be confusing as well as disgusting. That if this ritual were not performed would effect the Naciremas teeth to decay and look so revolting that they would not have any friends or lovers. If falling ill the Nacirema go to a latipso. Their children do not want to go to a latipso because, that is where you go to die(7). With all the rituals the Nacirema perform, women go to the latipso end up feeling bad about their bodies. They find that, their naked bodies are subjected to the scrutiny, manipulation and prodding of the medicine men(7). Since the women have come to the latipso for help, and paid the price to ge ...

Facts About the Order Cetacea

Facts About the Order Cetacea The Order Cetacea is the group of marine mammals that includes the cetaceans - the whales, dolphins and porpoises. Description There are 86 species of cetaceans, and these are divided into two suborders - the mysticetes (baleen whales, 14 species) and odontocetes (toothed whales, 72 species). Cetaceans range in size from just a few feet long to over 100 feet long. Unlike fish, which swim by moving their heads from side-to-side to swing their tail, cetaceans propel themselves by moving their tail in a smooth, up-and-down motion. Some cetaceans, such as the Dalls porpoise and the orca (killer whale) can swim faster than 30 miles per hour. Cetaceans Are Mammals Cetaceans are mammals, which means they are endothermic (commonly called warm-blooded) and their internal body temperature is about the same as a humans. They give birth to live young and breathe air through lungs just like we do. They even have hair. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: Cetacea Feeding Baleen and toothed whales have distinct feeding differences. Baleen whales use plates made of keratin to filter out large quantities of small fish, crustaceans or plankton from the sea water. Toothed whales often gather in pods and work cooperatively to feed. They prey on animals such as fish, cephalopods, and skates. Reproduction Cetaceans reproduce sexually, and females usually have one calf at a time. The gestation period for many cetacean species is about 1 year. Habitat and Distribution Cetaceans are found worldwide, from tropical to arctic waters. Some species, like the bottlenose dolphin may be found in coastal areas (e.g., southeastern U.S.), while others, like the sperm whale, may range far offshore to waters thousands of feet deep. Conservation Many cetacean species were decimated by whaling. Some, like the North Atlantic right whale, have been slow to recover. Many cetacean species are protected now - in the U.S., all marine mammals have protection under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Other threats to cetaceans include entanglement in fishing gear or marine debris, ship collisions, pollution, and coastal development.

Pluto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pluto - Essay Example Pluto has five moons which are Charon, Hydra, Nix, Kerberos, and Styx and there are believed to be many other smaller moons some which have been discovered and others which have not yet been discovered. Charon which is the largest was also discovered first in 1978 followed by Hydra and Nix which were both discovered in 2005. The discovery of these moons suggests that the planet may be having a ring system though past studies show that no ring exists on the planet or on its periphery. It is also worth noting that these moons are unusually close to the dwarf planet than all other objects that surround it and also then it is the case in the majority of other planets which have been explored. The origin and the identity of Pluto are not very clear and there are actually many differing theories all of which try to explain these two aspects. Some of these theories suggest that the planet used to be a moon of the neighboring planet Neptune that escaped from the normal path of circulation he nce resulting to a new planet. Other theories differ with this and argue that the paths of the two planets are far away from each and thus there is no possibility of the two colliding. There is a lot to be explored on Pluto and therefore the possibility of a spacecraft landing on the planet this year is expected to be of great benefit as far as studies concerning the planet are concerned. There is, therefore, need for more studies and visits to be launched in order to solve all the mysteries surrounding the planet.

Occupational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Occupational Health and Safety - Essay Example 1) Falls and Trips: Falls and trips could occur while working on ladders, scaffolding, roofs, mobile elevating work platforms, or any other form of working at heights. 23 worker deaths in construction resulted from falls from heights in 2006-2007. Use of fall protection equipment such as work restraint systems, work positioning systems, rope access systems, or fall arrest systems can minimize falls and trips. 2) Workplace Transport Accidents: Accidents involving workplace vehicles cause fatalities every year. Accidents could include being struck by a moving vehicle, falling from a vehicle, materials falling from a vehicle, collapse/overturn of a vehicle, or hit against a vehicle. There were 66 workplace transport fatalities in 2006-2007. Planning, training, awareness, and appropriate use of vehicles can reduce accidents. 1) Asbestos: Inhaling asbestos fibres can cause mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and/or pleural thickening. 1000 people who worked in building or maintenance die every year from lung cancer. Training and personal protective equipment is required for working with asbestos containing material. 2) Noise: Exposure to high levels of noise (over 85dBA) for over long periods of time can cause noise induced hearing loss. Use of hearing protective devices is necessary to keep noise exposure to acceptable levels. Exposure to noise can also be reduced by use of engineering or administrative controls. 3) Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Repetitive manual handling of heavy weights create excessive stress and strain on the body, and may lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 have been developed to reduce MSDs in construction work. Health and Safety Executive. (2008). Work-related injuries and ill health in construction - Summary. Retrieved March 2, 2009, from Health and Safety Executive Web site:

Influences of Biological Factors on Individual Personality

Influences of Biological Factors on Individual Personality Examine to what extend biological factors account for an individuals’ personality? The term ‘personality’ is used in general conversation in many ways. When psychologists discuss personality they are concerned primarily with individual differences – the characteristics that distinguish one individual from another. This essay discusses personality in terms of the biological approaches that view characteristics as traits and considers the roles of genetics and environmental influences in the stability of individual characteristics. A lot of evidence points to the conclusion that individual differences, mostly measured as psychological traits are substantially influenced by genetic factors (Carver Scheier, 2000). This conclusion raises questions about research and theory in Psychology in terms of the variation of these traits in the population and the existence of psychopathology (Bouchard, 2004). Trait psychology has a clear set of assumptions including the heritability of traits and a causal model attributing individual differences in brain function into behavioural and learning differences (Gale Eysenck, 1992). The behaviour and molecular genetic evidence confirm that biology has its role in personality traits (Carey, 2002). Since the 1950’s Eysenck claimed that most of the differences we observe between people’s personalities can be accounted for by just three factors, expressed as bi-polar dimensions: (1) introversion-extraversion; (2) neuroticism-stability and (3) psychoticism. Eysenck (1994) also gave his typology a biological basis, linking it not with body fluids but with the central nervous system (introversion-extraversion) and the autonomous nervous system (neuroticism-stability). He proposed that individual differences in introversion-extraversion are explained by inherited differences in the excitatory potential of central nervous systems (CNS). Individuals whose excitatory potential is low are predisposed towards extraversion since the bias in their CNS is towards cells being inactive (inhibition) rather than active (excitation). This means extraverts require more going on around them for their brains to function adequately, and to maintain a reasonable level of alertness, than introverts do. Extraverts are ‘stimuli-hungry’ and not only have a CNS which switches off more readily, they take longer to dissipate the inhibition that has built up in their CNS while attending to a stimulus. Conversely, introverts, through their high excitatory potential, are already reasonably alert and thus less prone to switching their attention to other sources of stimuli; in other words, introverts are less easily distracted than extroverts. Introverts would also be less likely to have what is termed as ‘micro sleeps’ (switching off for a few seconds), because they dissipate any inhibition much more rapidly than extraverts do. Even before Eysenck’s theory was available, large individual differences had been observed in the ease with which individuals, in some occupational settings, doing jobs like radar and sonar operations, could cope with the low levels of signals on their screens or reported signals when none were present, while the performance of others seemed relatively unaffected by the low level of simulation (Eysenck Eysenck, 1985). Eysenck’s theory seemed to offer an explanation of this and other similar differences of behaviour. Extraverts because of the low level of activation in their nervous systems, find it difficult to cope with environments which provide low levels of unvarying stimulation. Introverts, on the other hand, with central nervous systems already reasonably activated find these environments ideal. Conversely they would be swamped by high levels of stimulation, which would cause a considerable reduction in their performance. Much of the impact of these physiological differences on psychological differences between individuals was presumed to arise from its effect on an individual’s conditionability (Eysenck, 1994). Introverts, since they build up inhibition slowly, are easier to condition than extraverts. This implies that introverts are constitutionally more likely to assimilate, through conditioning, the rules, obligations and attitudes of their social environment. Conversely, the impact of socialisation on extraverts is attenuated by their weaker conditionability. Extraverts are therefore less likely to acquire conforming and conscientious behaviour patterns than introverts. Though Eysenck, for the most part, has focused on exploring the biological substructure of the introversion-extraversion dimension, he has suggested that an individual’s position on the second dimension, neuroticism-stability, reflects the stability of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is the part of the nervous system, not directly under the conscious control, that carries a number of reflex activities; it is also involved in certain emotional responses. Some people inherit a labile ANS, which responds vigorously to stress and also takes some time to return to baseline. In addition, they experience more spontaneous activity, that is, shifts in activation which are not clearly attributable to external events. Conversely, some individuals are born with stable ANS characterised by weaker responses to stress, a more rapid return to baseline and spontaneous activity. This means individuals with a labile ANS are constitutionally more prone to worry, anxiety, embarrassment and stress than those with a stabile ANS. Thus, individuals towards the neuroticism end of the dimension have greater ‘free floating’ anxiety which, through conditioning, can become attached to events or people. This may mean that social interaction can, for some individuals, become ‘loaded’ with a considerable amount of anxiety. However, an important implication of Eysenck’s theory is that neuroticism is normally distributed along a continuum. In other words, there is not a discontinuity between normal people and conditions such as agoraphobia (i.e. fear of open spaces), which are simply the result of somewhat higher levels of anxiety response. If the agoraphobics can learn a more neutral response he or she will be able to resume a normal life. However, despite clear connections between an individual’s biological status and neuroticism, there are clearly very significant environmental considerations. Tong et al., (2000) found that levels of neuroticism (N) were causally related to environmental factors and, in particular, to the failure of affect ional bonds provided by a social network of friends and acquaintances. Similarly, Bouchard (2004) found that women with children at home under 15 years old and men and women who are unemployed are more likely to have neurotic problems. Thus, 25.4% of unemployed women and 13.6% of unemployed men had neurotic illness as compared with 8.9% of employed women and 5.5% of full or part-time employed men. The employed status of the subject’s spouse also plays a part in the prevalence of neurotic symptoms. Men with a wife at home are less at risk than those who have a wife at work. In women, those with an unemployed husband at home are more at risk than their peers with a husb and at work. Thus neuroticism, though having a large genetic component, seems to be also partly environmental, although the direction of cause-and-effect in such studies should not be presumed. Children in maturation process value immensely consistent parental, familial and peer encouragement and emotional support (Bouchard, 2004). Inadequate or culturally atypical child rearing practices, parental illness, marital disharmony and family disturbance are all associated with personality disorder. Nevertheless, the role of learning cannot be over-estimated. Many personality disorders, for example, can be described in terms of inappropriate thresholds to incoming stimuli (Krueger Markon, 2006). Low thresholds to frustration or tolerance lead to impulsive behaviour or loss of temper. A high threshold in relation to emotional sensitivity leads to over defensiveness and emotional coldness. Thus, a child with little innate tendency to loss of temper but, in a family where tempers are regularly lost and are socially effective and valued, will model this behaviour and lower her threshold. Impulsive behaviour may be more likely in children where impulsive behaviour flourishes in the f amily and subculture. In terms of genes and cognitive abilities, several researchers have estimated the separate effects of genes and environment in the expression of intelligence by comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins raised in the same environment with those raised in different environments (Bouchard et al., 1990). These can be viewed as experiments of nature (monozygotic and dizygotic twins) and experiments of nurture (raised in birth or adoptive families). Genes and environment are both correlated in birth families because the same parents provide both genes and environment. In adoptive families, the birth parents provide the genes and the adoptive families provide the environment. These studies have demonstrated that the correlation of the IQs of siblings raised in different environments is low, just over 0.20 (Bouchard McGue, 1981). Monozygotic twins of course share 100 percent of their genes, whereas dizygotic twins and other siblings share 50 percent. Clearly genes have stronger effect on I Q. However, the outcomes of twins studies do not refer to individual members of the populations under investigation. In other words, conclusions about the relationship between genes and IQ do not apply to individuals regarding the research evidence available. Nevertheless, the decreasing role of the environment in IQ seems to be counter-intuitive because research by Petrill et al., (1998) has shown that the longer twins experience different environments the more dissimilar should become. In other words, the effect of the environment on IQ is important in childhood but becomes increasingly unimportant in adulthood (Petrill et al., 1998). Nowadays, trait psychology has been challenged in terms of whether or not should we maintain individual differences in the functioning of broad neural systems as the principal explanations of personality? Cognitive and social-cognitive models may provide viable alternatives considering the impact of moderating factors. Further, both Eysenck and Gray assume that each trait relates to a single, key underlying system, but there might not be any simple one-to-one mappings between brain functions and traits (Zuckerman, 1991). These challenges presented by cognitive theorists and multiple-systems models of traits may be met in various ways. For example, improvements in the methodology for assessing brain functions may reveal that Eysenck and Gray are correct. Another approach maintains the centrality of neurophysiological explanations and seeks to develop more complex physiological models (e.g. Zuckerman, 1991). Furthermore, an alternative is to consider cognitive variables as mediating co nstructs so that they facilitate neural processes. In conclusion, some personality characteristics (such as general mood and energy level) are influenced by inherited biological factors. Eysenck (1985; 1994) thought that personality was determined more by genes than by environmental factors. Various personality attributes seem to be identifiable within weeks of birth and remain relatively stable in each child during the first three years. Although this clearly attests to the large genetic influence on early personality development, these biological factors cannot be viewed in a vacuum. Experiences that are common to the culture and the subculture group (such as gender roles) and experiences that are unique to the individual interact with inborn predispositions to shape personality. Personality develops in a constant interactive process between biological potential, environmental circumstances and social opportunity. References Bouchard, T. J. Jr. (2004). Genetic Influence on Human Psychological Traits: A Survey. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol 13 (4), August, 148-151. Bouchard, T.J. Jr. McGrue M. (1990). Genetic and rearing environmental influences on adult personality: an analysis of adopted twins reared apart. Journal of Personality, (58), 263-292. Carver, C.S. Scheier, M.F. (2000). Perspectives on personality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Carey, G. (2002). Human Genetics for the Social Sciences. London: Sage Eysenck, H. J. (1994). Personality: Biological foundations. In P. A. Vernon (Ed.) The Neurophysiology of Individual Differences. London: Academic Press. Eysenck, H. J. Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences. New York: Plenum. Gale A Eysenck M W (Eds.)(1992). Handbook of individual differences. London: Sage. Krueger, R. B. Markon K. E. (2006). Understanding psychopathology: melding behavior genetics, personality, and quantitative psychology to develop an empirically based model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15 (3), 113-117. Matthews G. Gilliland K. (1999). The personality theories of H. Eysenck and J. A. Gray: a comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 583-626. Petrill, S. A., Plomin, R., Berg, S. (1998). The genetic and relationship environmental relationship between general and specific cognitive abilities in twins age 80 and older. Psychological Science, 9, 183-189. Tong, H. J., Donald, W. P. Wade H. (2000) Genetic Influences on Neural and Behavioral Functions. CRC Press. Zuckerman, M. (1991) Psychobiology of Personality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Cirque Du Soleil

From a group of 20 street performers at its beginnings in 1984, Cirque du Soleil is a major Quebec-based organization providing high-quality artistic entertainment. The company has 5,000 employees, including more than 1,300 artists from more than 50 different countries. Cirque du Soleil has brought wonder and delight to more than 100 million spectators in more than 300 cities in over forty countries on six continents. For more information about Cirque du Soleil, visit www. cirquedusoleil. com. The mission The mission of Cirque du Soleil is to invoke the imagination, provoke the senses and evoke the emotions of people around the world. The Creation of Cirque du Soleil It all started in Baie-Saint-Paul, a small town near Quebec City in Canada. There, in the early eighties, a band of colourful characters roamed the streets, striding on stilts, juggling, dancing, breathing fire, and playing music. They were Les Echassiers de Baie-Saint-Paul (the Baie-SaintPaul Stiltwalkers), a street theatre group founded by Gilles Ste-Croix. Already, the townsfolk were impressed and intrigued by the young performers – including Guy Laliberte who founded Cirque du Soleil. The troupe went on to found Le Club des talons hauts (the High Heels Club), and then, in 1982, organized La Fete foraine de Baie-Saint-Paul, a cultural event in which street performers from all over met to exchange ideas and enliven the streets of the town for a few days. La Fete foraine was repeated in 1983 and 1984. Le Club des talons hauts attracted notice, and Guy Laliberte, Gilles Ste-Croix and their cronies began to cherish a crazy dream: to create a Quebec circus and take the troupe travelling around the world. In 1984, Quebec City was celebrating the 450th anniversary of Canada’s discovery by Jacques Cartier, and they needed a show that would carry the festivities out across the province. Guy Laliberte presented a proposal for a show called Cirque du Soleil (Circus of the Sun), and succeeded in convincing the organizers. And Cirque du Soleil hasn’t stopped since! In 1984, 73 people worked for Cirque du Soleil. Today, the company hires 5,000 employees worldwide, including more than 1,300 artists. At the Montreal International Headquarters alone, there are close to 2,000 employees. More than 100 types of occupations can be found at Cirque. The company’s employees and artists represent more than 50 nationalities and speak 25 different languages. More than 100 million spectators have seen a Cirque du Soleil show since 1984. Close to 15 million people will see a Cirque du Soleil show in 2013. Cirque du Soleil hasn’t received any grants from the public or private sectors since 1992. Cirque du Soleil’s Areas of Activity In 2013, Cirque du Soleil will present simultaneously some 20 different shows around the world. Its challenge is to continue to grow while offering its creators the freedom to dream the wildest dreams and make them come true. The heart of Cirque du Soleil’s activity remains creating live shows and presenting them under big tops or in theatres. Since 1984 close to 200 creators from the four corners of the globe have contributed their talents to this end. In the past few years Cirque du Soleil has been developing business initiatives based on its shows. a. Cirque du Soleil has acquired extensive experience in organizing unforgettable private gatherings as well as major public events (World Exposition Shanghai 2010, Expo Zaragoza 2008, the show-event for the 400th anniversary of Quebec City). For the past few years the Cirque du Soleil Events team has brought its creativity to a most discriminating clientele with the same energy and spirit that characterizes each of the company’s shows. Cirque du Soleil is offering a full range of products for retail sale under the Big Top, at resident show boutiques and on the Internet. The company is seeking reliable partners to design, develop, market and distribute unique products which will bring â€Å"artful living† into the daily lives of Cirque du Soleil aficionados. Cirque du Soleil also develops licensing agreements with partners wishing to market products and services that leverage Cirque du Soleil’s creativity in areas as diverse as hospitality (restaurants, bars, spas, etc. and fashion (Desigual). c. In December 2012, Cirque du Soleil and Bell Media created a new joint venture to develop media content for television, film, digital, and gaming platforms. Cirque du Soleil Media’s mandate is to develop original entertainment projects, leveraging Cirque du Soleil’s creative inventiveness and resources, consumer insight, and infrastructure, with Bell Media’s production experience, media pla tforms, and diverse distribution capabilities.

The Path Of Human Evolution Was Always Been Full Of...

The path of human evolution was always been full of challenges. However, unlike other species on the planet man s evolutionary progression is predominantly social. Changes that human opted for are not that of adding body parts to better survive and to improve themselves. Man preferred the psycho social path of growth and development. It was his way not to simply be subservient to the forces of nature in terms of providing him the basis for advancement as a species. On the contrary, the human race directed the course of its own evolution. This covers an active and effortful development by instilling things that are progressive and suppressing opposing tendencies. The effort to mold humans into a more evolved and more advanced†¦show more content†¦The idea of crime and punishment as well as an action and communal response have been conditioned into the human consciousness that human behavior has this as an integral component. On the social level, this leads to the creation of an environment wherein individuals may pursue holistic development and coexist with others. This is the fundamental reason by other creatures; especially predatory kinds do not have society and civilization. Furthermore, human history clearly establishes that the human race constantly socially engineers itself to attain almost everything. Other species do not actively preserve the environment. However, the human race s idea is that such act of preservation is essential for his survival. It can be conceded that this is the result of environmental abuse that man caused but the same can be said of other species when they devastate their own habitat.This establishes that the sum of human civilizations, current attributes as well as achievements are evolutionary developments brought about by social engineering. And this will continue so long as the human race exists In the Green Engineering segment, we have highlighted the following as promising career opportunities. Profession 1: E nvironmental Engineers Environmental Engineers are expected to enjoy the Golden Time over the next 10 to 20 years, those who had a visionShow MoreRelatedUsing Proofs to Establish a Case for Gods Existence: McCloskey1374 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of the universe and the relationship to God that are found in the book Philosophy of Religion by C. Stephen Evans and R. Zachary Manis. Some believe that the universe has always existent with no starting point, my answer to that would be that the universe could have always existed and there for God could have always existed too. Another argument is if God made everything than who made God, that everything is a contingent being that has a cause for the reason why they or it exist, but God isRead MoreThe Competitive Advantage of Microsoft and Its Hr1354 Words   |  6 Pages1) What is Microsoft’s competitive advantage? How is supported/constrained by human resource management? Microsoft Corporation is one of the largest and most influential companies in the personal computer industry. It has won several awards for innovation, for their commitment to diversity, and for their flexible work arrangements. It has always been a leader in the market with regard to its compensation. With 80,0004 employees  across the world, having more than $15 billion revenue, it is oneRead MoreThe Competitive Advantage of Microsoft and Its Hr1363 Words   |  6 Pages1) What is Microsoft’s competitive advantage? How is supported/constrained by human resource management? Microsoft Corporation is one of the largest and most influential companies in the personal computer industry. It has won several awards for innovation, for their commitment to diversity, and for their flexible work arrangements. It has always been a leader in the market with regard to its compensation. With 80,0004 employees  across the world, having more than $15 billion revenue, it is one ofRead MoreThe Main Factors Of The Communist Manifesto1680 Words   |  7 Pages The conditions that Karl Marx deems necessary for a communist revolution have not manifested themselves in the present day, presenting challenges for communist ideology. As our society has gradually been regressing further away from these prerequisite conditions, a number of new factors have become present that challenge the relevance of the Communist Manifesto. The first of these factors to be addressed is globalization in the modern world. Ever since the age of imperialism, globalization has servedRead MoreConsumerism And Consumerism1246 Words   |  5 PagesConsumerism destroys most human elements in its path as it forces people to become dependent on the transitory joy of technological innovations. In Fahrenheit 451, â€Å"15 Million Merits,† and â€Å"Dover Beach,† the pursuit of materialistic ideals requires the exchange of humanity for the brief entertainment that technology provides. However, the trade also requires the consumer to become a slave to the will of media. The advertising industry simultaneously creates and feeds upon the desperation of consumersRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Deadly Disease1474 Words   |  6 Pagesdestroys body’s immune system. AIDS is brought about by a virus called Human Immune-Deficiency Virus, better known as HIV. This virus is minute, even invisible to a powerful microscope and can remain in the body for years without showing any visible symptoms. AIDS is the final stage of infection of the virus. It takes a period of about 10 years between being infected with HIV developing AIDS. The first case of AIDS infection in America was detected in 1959. Later, AIDS emerged as a fatal widespread diseaseRead MoreEffective Communication And Successful Implementation Of Change Initiatives1467 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Organizational change is inevitable and seemingly always on the horizon in the business world. It can directly affect organizational culture in both a positive and negative aspect. In order to combat the negative components of change that will surface, effective communication must be utilized as a part of the change strategy. Organizational change defined by Hurn (2012 cited in Bourne, 2015:p. 142) â€Å"involves changing an organization’s direction from the present position to a more desiredRead MoreI Are Not Special By David Mccullough Jr., An English Teacher And Son Of A Pulitzer Prize1466 Words   |  6 PagesScience proves that no two humans are exactly the same. Even twins, although their genetic codes may be identical, their personal experiences and individual personalities set them apart. This individual uniqueness leads to the common belief that everyone is â€Å"special.† David McCullough Jr., an English teacher and son of a Pulitzer Prize winning historian, denounced this belief when speaking to graduating seniors at Wellesley High School in Massachusetts near the end of Spring 2012. His words, â€Å"YouRead MoreRelationship Between Man and Nature2521 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Humans Place in Universe Relationship between Man and Nature Human Life and its connection to the universe, is a rather complex idea to understand. This universe is full of mystery and how we human fit into it, what is our role and what are things that are being exchanged between human lives and the universe, provide a substantial topic of research. For centuries, thinkers, philosophers and scientists have been trying to figure out this relation but so far, all we have is various theories inRead MoreAnalysis Of Automation And The Future Of The Auto Transportation Industry2059 Words   |  9 PagesIndustry Time and time again advancements in technology have assisted the evolution of mankind. Since Neanderthals began using stone instead of wood, and once again when ancient civilization began to use forging techniques and experimenting with different metals. This advancement continued into the 19th century when Europe and the United States went through the industrial revolution. The last revolution we went through was the computer revolution. Since computers have become more and more prevalent

Definition and Examples of Multiple Exclamation Marks

An  exclamation point  (!)  is a mark of  punctuation  used after a word, phrase, or sentence that expresses a strong emotion. It ends emphatic statements, says English Grammar Punctuation, a reference guide. William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White, in their famous Elements of Style,  say that: The exclamation mark is to be reserved for after true exclamations and commands. And Merriam-Websters Guide to Punctuation and Style  notes that the exclamation point is used to mark a forceful comment or exclamation. It is also called an  exclamation mark  or tellingly, in newspaper jargon, a  shriek. These sources and others may define it with different vocabulary, but they all agree on one thing: The exclamation point is possibly the most overused punctuation mark in the English language.  Multiple exclamation points  (or marks)—two or, often, three exclamation marks  (!!!) following a word or sentence—should be even rarer still in good writing. History The exclamation point was first used by printers at the end of the 15th century, according to  Thomas MacKellar, in his 1885 book, The American Printer: A Manual of Typography. MacKellar also noted that the punctuation meant admiration or exclamation as well as surprise, astonishment, rapture, and the like sudden emotions of the mind. The mark, itself, comes from Latin, says  Smithsonian.com: In Latin, the exclamation of joy was  io,  where the i was written above the o. And, since all their letters were written as capitals, an I with an O below it looks a lot like an exclamation point. It wasn’t until 1970 that the exclamation point had its own key on the keyboard, the Smithsonian notes, adding that before that you had to type a period, and then use the backspace to go back and stick an apostrophe above it. When executives dictated to secretaries, they would say bang to indicate the exclamation point, leading to the term  interbang,  a  nonstandard punctuation  mark in the form of a question mark superimposed on an exclamation point (sometimes appearing as ?!).  It is used to end a rhetorical question or a simultaneous question and exclamation. Some writers, then, began using  multiple exclamation points  as a logical outgrowth of the interbang and single exclamation mark to add even more emphasis to words, phrases, and sentences. Purpose The use of the exclamation point—and, even more so, multiple exclamation points—has been met with plenty of controversy and criticism. Smithsonian notes this less-than-pleased response  by F. Scott Fitzgerald to the use of multiple exclamation points: â€Å"Cut out all those exclamation marks. An exclamation mark is like laughing at your own jokes.† Author Elmore Leonard was even more incensed by their use: â€Å"You are allowed no more than two or three per 100,000 words of prose.† Leonard also said that use of  multiple exclamation points  is the sign of a diseased mind. Still, exclamation points do have a purpose in the English language, according to the late  Rene Jack Cappon, a longtime editor at the Associated Press and author of  The Associated Press Guide to Punctuation. Cappon said that exclamation points are certainly not subtle; instead, they act like a kettle drum, noisily calling readers attention to a given word, phrase, or sentence. Echoing the very earliest use of this punctuation mark, Cappon says you should use exclamation points to convey pain, fear, astonishment, anger, and disgust, as in: â€Å" Ouch! My toes! cries one, a bowling ball dropped on his foot. Somebody  help  me! screams a damsel in distress. Look, a real unicorn! Astonishment. Get thee behind me, Satan! Rage and disgust. Cappon notes that you rarely run into emotional outbursts like these, so you should use single or multiple exclamation points sparingly. He and other grammar and punctuation experts point out that you should generally let the words speak for themselves, set off by a simple  period,  comma, or  semicolon. Otherwise, you risk damaging your credibility by constantly yelling at your readers, similar to someone screaming fire in a crowded theater, even when there is not a hint of smoke. Rules for Using Exclamation Marks Richard Bullock, Michal Brody, and Francine Weinberg note in the The Little Seagull Handbook, a grammar, punctuation, and style guide used on many college campuses, that you should use exclamation points to express strong emotion or add emphasis to a statement or command. They give this example of when to use an exclamation point, from Susan Jane Gilmans Hypocrite in a Pouffy White Dress: Tales of Growing Up Groovy and Clueless, who described seeing The Rolling Stones band member Keith Richards: Keith, we shrieked as the car drove away. Keith, we love you! Encountering a member of the iconic rock band—and the shrieking that accompanied the sighting—would, indeed, call for at least one exclamation point—and perhaps more!!!—to emphasize the excitement of the moment. Another example of when to use exclamation points is illustrated in this pithy quote from Tennessee Williams in Camino Real. Make voyages! Attempt them! Theres nothing else. You can also use multiple exclamation points in  informal  or comic writing, or to express  sarcasm, as in:   I loved your last email! OMG did I LOVE it!!! The point is that the writer of the above sentences didnt really love the email. She was being  ironic, which the multiple exclamation points help to show. Additionally, David Crystal, in Making a Point: The Persnickety Story of English Punctuation, gives these examples where the  contexts  dictate when exclamation marks would be acceptable, even expected: Interjections -  Oh!Expletives -  Damn!Greetings -  Happy Xmas!!!Calls -  Johnny!Commands -  Stop!Expressions of surprise -  What a mess!!!Emphatic statements -  I want to see you now!Attention-getters -  Listen carefully!Loud speech in dialogue -  Im in the garden!Ironic comments -  He paid, for a change!  or . . .  for a change (!)Strong mental attitudes -  Hardly! he thought But there are many other instances where you should omit exclamation points, as in this example from The Little Seagull Handbook. It was so close, so low, so huge and fast, so intent on its target that I swear to you, I swear to you, I felt the vengeance and rage emanating from the plane.- Debra Fontaine, Witnessing Bill Walsh, the late copy chief for the  Washington Post, noted in The Elephants of Style: A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English that you should omit exclamation points (and other punctuation marks) when they are, essentially, gimmicky decorations for company names. So, says Walsh, you would write Yahoo,  not Yahoo! The Associated Press Stylebook also notes that you place exclamation points within quote marks when they are part of the quoted material, as in: How wonderful! he exclaimed.Never! she shouted. But place exclamation points outside of quotation marks when they are not part of the quoted material: I hated reading Spensers Faerie Queene! And never use other punctuation marks, such as a comma, after an exclamation point: Wrong: Halt!, the corporal cried.Right: Halt! the corporal cried. So, when using exclamation points remember that less is more. Use this punctuation mark—whether it be one, two, or three exclamation points—only when the context calls for it. Otherwise, let your prose speak for themselves and save the mighty exclamation point for extreme circumstances, for heavens sake!!!